Sphere Line Picking

Sphere line picking is the selection of pairs of points corresponding to vertices of a line segment with endpoints on the surface of a sphere. random line segments can be picked on a unit sphere in the Wolfram Language using the function RandomPoint[Sphere[], n, 2].

Pick two points at random on a unit sphere. The first one can be placed at the north pole, i.e., assigned the coordinate (0, 0, 1), without loss of generality. The second point is then chosen at random using sphere point picking, and so can be assigned coordinates

			(1)
			(2)
			(3)

with and . The distance between first and second points is then

(4)

and solving for gives

(5)

Now the probability function for distance is then given by

(6)

(Solomon 1978, p. 163), since and . Here, .

Therefore, somewhat surprisingly, large distances are the most common, contrary to most people's intuition. A plot of 15 random lines is shown above. The raw moments are

(7)

giving the first few as

			(8)
			(9)
			(10)
			(11)

(OEIS A084623 and A000265). Values of for which are integers are therefore , 2, 6, 14, 30, 62, 126, 254, 510, 1022, ... (OEIS A000918), which are precisely the values .

The central moments are

			(12)
			(13)
			(14)
			(15)

so the variance, skewness and kurtosis excess are

			(16)
			(17)
			(18)

(Solomon 1978, p. 163).