The term "left factorial" is sometimes used to refer to the subfactorial , the first few values for , 2, ... are 1, 3, 9, 33, 153, 873, 5913, ... (OEIS A007489).
Unfortunately, the same term and notation are also applied to the factorial sum
(1)
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(2)
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(3)
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(4)
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where is a gamma function, is the exponential integral, and is the En-function.
For , 1, ..., the first few values are given by 0, 1, 2, 4, 10, 34, 154, 874, ... (OEIS A003422). The left factorial is always even for .
is prime for , 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 30, 76, 163, 271, 273, 354, 721, 1796, 3733, 4769, 9316, 12221, ... (OEIS A100614), the last of which was found by E. W. Weisstein (Oct. 19, 2006).