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Left Factorial


The term "left factorial" is sometimes used to refer to the subfactorial !n, the first few values for n=1, 2, ... are 1, 3, 9, 33, 153, 873, 5913, ... (OEIS A007489).

Unfortunately, the same term and notation are also applied to the factorial sum

L!n=sum_(k=0)^(n-1)k!
(1)
=(-1)^n(n!)!(-n-1)-!(-1)
(2)
=((-1)^nGamma(n+1)Gamma(-n,-1)-Gamma(0,-1))/e
(3)
=(ipi+Ei(1)+Gamma(n+1,-1)E_(n+1)(-1))/e,
(4)

where Gamma(z) is a gamma function, Ei(x) is the exponential integral, and E_n(x) is the En-function.

For n=0, 1, ..., the first few values are given by 0, 1, 2, 4, 10, 34, 154, 874, ... (OEIS A003422). The left factorial is always even for n>1.

(L!n)/2 is prime for n=3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 30, 76, 163, 271, 273, 354, 721, 1796, 3733, 4769, 9316, 12221, ... (OEIS A100614), the last of which was found by E. W. Weisstein (Oct. 19, 2006).


See also

Factorial Sums, Smarandache-Kurepa Function, Subfactorial

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References

Guy, R. K. Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 3rd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004.Kurepa, D. "On the Left Factorial Function !n." Math. Balkanica 1, 147-153, 1971.Kurepa, D. "Left Factorial Function in Complex Domain." Math. Balkanica 3, 297-307, 1973.Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A003422/M1237, A007489/M2818, and A100614 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."

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Left Factorial

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Left Factorial." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LeftFactorial.html

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