Let be a set of expressions representing real, single-valued partially defined functions of one real variable. Let be the set of functions represented by expressions in , where contains the identity function and the rational numbers as constant functions and that is closed under addition, multiplication, and composition. If is an expression in , then let be the function denoted by .
Then the integration problem for is the problem of deciding, given in , whether there is a function in so that (Richardson 1968).