The upper domination number of a graph is the maximum size of a minimal dominating set of vertices in .
The (lower) domination number may be similarly defined as the minimum size of a dominating set of vertices in (Burger et al. 1997, Mynhardt and Roux 2020).
The lower irredundance number , lower domination number , lower independence number , upper independence number , upper domination number , and upper irredundance number satsify the chain of inequalities
(Burger et al. 1997).