The upper domination number of a graph
is the maximum size of a minimal
dominating set of vertices in
.
The (lower) domination number may be similarly defined as the minimum size of a dominating set
of vertices in
(Burger et al. 1997, Mynhardt and Roux 2020).
The lower irredundance number , lower domination number
, lower
independence number
, upper independence
number
,
upper domination number
, and upper
irredundance number
satsify the chain of inequalities
(Burger et al. 1997).