The octahedral equation, by way of analogy with the icosahedral equation, is a set of related equations derived from the projective geometry
of the octahedron. Consider an octahedron
centered 
,
oriented with 
-axis
along a fourfold (
)
rotational symmetry axis, and with one of the top four edges lying in the 
-plane (left figure). In this figure, vertices are shown in
black, face centers in red, and edge midpoints in blue.
The simplest octahedral equation is defined by projecting the vertices of the octahedron with unit circumradius using a stereographic
projection from the south pole of its circumsphere
onto the plane 
,
and expressing these vertex locations (interpreted as complex quantities in the complex
-plane)
as roots of an algebraic equation. The resulting projection is shown as the left
figure above, with black dots being the vertex positions. The resulting equation
is
 |
(1)
|
where 
here refers to the coordinate in the complex plane (not the height above the
projection plane), and the equation is of order 5 instead of 6 since the vertex at
is transformed to infinity and has been omitted.
If the octahedron with unit inradius is instead projected (second figure above), the equation expressing the positions of the face centers (red dots) is given by
 |
(2)
|
Finally, if the octahedron with unit midradius is projected (right figure above), the equation expressing the positions of the edge midpoints (blue dots) is given by
 |
(3)
|
Note that because these equations involve variables to multiples of the power 4, rotating the solid by 
radians changes transforms the quantities from 
to 
, producing the same equations modulo minus
signs in odd powers of 
, corresponding to flipping the positions of the roots about
the imaginary axis.
If the octahedron is instead oriented so that the top and bottom faces are parallel to the 
-plane,
the corresponding equations giving projected vertices, face centers, and edge midpoints
are
 |
(4)
|
 |
(5)
|
 |
(6)
|
respectively.
