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Biggest Little Polygon


BiggestLittlePolygons

The biggest little polygon with n sides is the convex plane n-gon of unit polygon diameter having largest possible area. The biggest little polygons for n=6, 8, and 10 are illustrated above. In the figures, diagonals shown in red have unit length.

Reinhardt (1922) showed that for n odd, the regular polygon on n sides is the biggest little n-gon. For n=4, the square with diagonal 1 has maximum area, but an infinite number of other 4-gons are equally large (Audet et al. 2002). The n=6 case was solved by Graham (1975) and is known as Graham's biggest little hexagon, and the n=8 case was solved by Audet et al. (2002).

The area of Graham's biggest little hexagon is given by an algebraic number with minimal polynomial of degree 10, and the area of the smallest little octagon has a minimal polynomial of degree 42 (Hurst 2025).

The following table summarizes these results, including the percentage that the given polygon is larger than the corresponding regular n-gon.

nareaOEIS% largeralgebraic degreereferences
60.674981...A1119693.92%10Graham (1975)
80.726868...A3812522.79%42Audet et al. (2002), Foster and Szaba (2007), Hurst (2025)
100.749137...A3831731.96%152Hurst (2025)

The biggest little polygon graphs on n=6 and 8 nodes are implemented in the Wolfram Language as GraphData[{"BiggestLittlePolygon", n}] for n=6, 8, and (in a future version of the Wolfram Language) 10.


See also

Graham's Biggest Little Hexagon, Polygon Diameter

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References

Audet, C. "Optimisation globale structurée: propriétés, équivalences et résolution." Thèse de Doctorat. Montréal, Canada: École Polytechnique de Montréal, 1997. http://www.gerad.ca/Charles.Audet.Audet, C.; Hansen, P.; Messine, F.; and Xiong, J. "The Largest Small Octagon." J. Combin. Th. Ser. A 98, 46-59, 2002.Foster, J. abd Szaba, T. "Diameter Graphs of Polygons and the Proof of a Conjecture of Graham." J. Combin. Th., Ser. A 114, 1515-1525, 2007.Graham, R. L. "The Largest Small Hexagon." J. Combin. Th. Ser. A 18, 165-170, 1975.Hurst, G. "A Closed Form Expression for the Area of the 'Biggest Little' Octagon and Decagon." Apr. 14, 2025. https://community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/3444306.Reinhardt, K. "Extremale Polygone gegebenen Durchmessers." Jahresber. Deutsch. Math. Verein 31, 251-270, 1922.Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A111969, A111970, A111971, A381252, and A383173 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."

Referenced on Wolfram|Alpha

Biggest Little Polygon

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Biggest Little Polygon." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/BiggestLittlePolygon.html

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